Thursday 27 August 2026 Carlisle
6 Pick Six vs The Fox Stack six. Beat the head tipster.7 races 66 runners First off 14:00
Paul Kavanagh Memorial AJA Novice Flat Amateur Jockeys' Handicap Stakes (For Jockeys With Three Wins Or Fewer At Start Of Season) ✓ Result
Open
1
06-604
Julie Camacho
11%
69
60
8
11-5
9/1
FCST
8/1
Winless in his last five starts and representing a trainer in poor form, Titian nonetheless rates prominently on a speed figure of 81 and ranks second in the field on our assessment; the 65-day absence is the chief concern.
AI verdict
SR 60 suggests ability but 9/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
2
361275
68
72
5
11-4
4/1
6/1
7/2
Up The Jazz shaped well when second three starts back and returns fit on 13 days' rest with experience of today's trip and going; the main concern is that he has been out of the frame in his last two starts.
AI verdict
SR 72 suggests ability but 5/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
3
933451
Jim Goldie
14%
68
70
5
11-4
15/8
31/19
32/17
Ranked seventh of nine on our figures, Sanafi Zabeel is hard to fancy at a hefty 158 lb from stall six, and his recent form shows just one win in his last six starts, that victory coming last time out, with a fifth and fourth in the two runs before that.
AI verdict
SR 70 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
4
40508
Nicky Richards
17%
67
55
5
11-3
11/1
9/1
11/1
Winless in his last five starts, Pedro The Poet nonetheless holds a clear edge on ratings here and has run over today's trip and going before; a 93-day break demands respect, but the weight of 157 lb from stall eight makes him the one to beat.
AI verdict
SR 55 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 12/1.
5
444354
Katie Scott
10%
66
67
5
11-2
9/2
4/1
9/2
Epidavros shaped with promise when third three starts back and returns on a quick 16-day turnaround having run over today's trip and going, with our rating of 73 suggesting she holds strong claims; yet to score in recent starts, though, and that winless run is the main concern.
AI verdict
SR 67 suggests ability but 5/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
6
228575
Philip Kirby
8%
62
60
7
10-12
SP
4/1
5/1
Winless in his last six starts, Spirit Catcher does at least bring distance and going experience to the table, and 17 days between runs suggests he arrives fresh; however, his recent finishes have been largely disappointing and a mark of 62 leaves him with plenty to prove.
AI verdict
SR 60 suggests ability but 5/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
7
05-880
Tristan Davidson
15%
58
36
4
10-8
20/1
FCST
16/1
Winless in her last five starts, Eagles Dream has experience of today's trip and going but has struggled for consistency, with a pair of eighths in recent outings; drawn three and carrying 148 lb, she remains a difficult convencer here.
AI verdict
SR 36 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 25/1.
8
487764
Tim Easterby
11%
52
56
11
10-2
15/2
6/1
7/1
Winless in his last six starts, with placings no better than fourth in that sequence, Jewel Maker faces a stiff task — a trainer strike-rate of just five per cent over the past fortnight does little to inspire confidence, though he has run over today's trip and going and returns quickly from stall two.
AI verdict
SR 56 suggests ability but 8/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
9
955204
49
31
5
10-0
16/1
22/1
14/1
Winless in her last six starts and ranked bottom of the field on our figures, On The Bubble faces a stiff ask here, though she does bring distance and going experience and was second three starts back to suggest she retains some ability.
AI verdict
SR 31 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 25/1.
Celebrating National Racehorse Week 2026 EBF Novice Stakes (GBB Race) ✓ Result
Open
1
—
Amie Waugh
6%
Simon Waugh
5%
—
121
2
9-7
125/1
50/1
100/1
SR 121 suggests ability but 125/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
AI verdict
SR 121 suggests ability but 125/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
2
—
Kevin Stott
15%
Kevin Ryan
12%
—
149
2
9-7
5/1
3/1
9/2
SR 149 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 149 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
3
—
Daniel Tudhope
18%
Edward Bethell
17%
—
147
2
9-7
9/2
7/2
9/2
SR 147 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 147 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
4
—
K. R. Burke
20%
—
142
2
9-7
9/1
13/2
9/1
SR 142 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 142 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
5
—
Sam James
14%
K. R. Burke
20%
—
145
2
9-7
11/2
3/1
11/2
SR 145 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 145 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
6
3473
Jason Hart
14%
Katie Scott
10%
66
43
2
9-7
40/1
18/1
33/1
SR 43 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 40/1.
AI verdict
SR 43 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 40/1.
7
7
David Nolan
12%
—
142
2
9-7
11/1
15/2
10/1
SR 142 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 142 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
8
8
Oliver Stammers
12%
Ben Haslam
14%
—
123
2
9-7
100/1
FCST
80/1
SR 123 suggests ability but 100/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
AI verdict
SR 123 suggests ability but 100/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
9
31
Andrew Mullen
10%
Ben Haslam
14%
71
80
2
9-6
9/2
13/2
9/2
SR 80 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
AI verdict
SR 80 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
10
—
Luke Morris
12%
—
154
2
9-2
11/4
4/1
11/4
Favourable weight of 9-2 gives a real edge in this handicap.
AI verdict
Favourable weight of 9-2 gives a real edge in this handicap.
11
8
—
124
2
9-2
33/1
16/1
28/1
SR 124 suggests ability but 28/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
AI verdict
SR 124 suggests ability but 28/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
Colin Parker Raceday 1st Nov Nursery Handicap Stakes ✓ Result
Open
1
423
K. R. Burke
20%
79
85
2
9-9
9/4
Consistently placed in recent starts, Ten Clarets brings strong form into this, finishing third last time out and a second two starts back, and he has experience of today's trip and going. Carrying 135 lb from stall one, the top-rated runner looks the one to beat, even if a first win remains elusive.
AI verdict
SR 85 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
2
21
Callum Shepherd
15%
Charlie Johnston
13%
79
81
2
9-9
5/2
18/13
5/2
Kanzi arrives on the back of a win last time out and a runner-up finish two starts back, bringing consistent recent form and solid fitness after 19 days off; she has run over today's trip and carries 135 lb from stall 4, though meeting three rivals rated at least as highly poses the key test.
AI verdict
SR 81 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
3
341
Callum Rodriguez
20%
Harry Charlton
16%
75
77
2
9-5
5/2
7/4
9/4
Bincimbal won last time out and has run over today's trip, arriving here just 13 days later in sharp enough order, with our rating of 79 marking him out as a serious threat from stall 5; the risk is that his two prior runs this sequence yielded only a third and a fourth.
AI verdict
SR 77 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
4
076113
P. J. McDonald
14%
George Scott
20%
67
79
2
8-11
11/2
4/1
9/2
Emerald Bay arrives with two wins in his last six starts, and at 21 days between runs he should be spot on for this; he has run over today's trip and a third last time out keeps him in decent nick. The main risk is whether he can reproduce that level against stronger.
AI verdict
SR 79 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
5
8537
Katie Scott
10%
60
51
2
8-4
20/1
20/1
18/1
Winless in her last four starts and ranked last on our figures, Aurora Valkyrie faces a stiff task here, though she has run over today's trip and going before and a third two starts back shows she is capable of mixing it at times.
AI verdict
SR 51 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 18/1.
Christmas Community Raceday 13th Dec Handicap Stakes ✓ Result
Open
1
00-617
Daniel Tudhope
18%
Edward Bethell
17%
82
86
3
9-9
9/4
11/4
2/1
Rogue Attraction showed she can win at this level with a victory two starts back, but a seventh last time out clouds her claims; she has run over today's trip and going before, and 135 lb from stall nine is the weight to overcome.
AI verdict
SR 86 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
2
23-187
78
82
3
9-5
13/2
9/1
11/2
Invincible Boy landed a win three starts back and shaped with promise when third four starts back, giving him back-to-back positives to point to, and he has experience of today's trip and going; the concern is his last two runs have both been well beaten.
AI verdict
SR 82 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
3
100-00
Kevin Stott
15%
Kevin Ryan
12%
78
62
3
9-5
14/1
16/1
12/1
Rikki Tiki Tavi won five starts back but has been unplaced in all four runs since, and 61 days off the track does little to inspire confidence with his trainer striking at just 3% in the past fortnight.
AI verdict
SR 62 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 18/1.
4
41-045
David Nolan
12%
78
76
3
9-5
SP
5/1
7/1
Here Forever won four starts back but has found less since, and a 52-day absence adds a fitness query; he has experience of today's distance and going, and his 80 rating offers a sliver of encouragement from stall 3 under 131 lb.
AI verdict
SR 76 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
5
380439
Sean Kirrane
11%
Tim Easterby
11%
77
84
3
9-4
7/2
6/1
10/3
Third two starts back franks Go Vince Go's place claims here, and he has run over today's trip and going before; yet to win in recent starts, but his rating of 88 heads the field, he is fit from a 12-day break, and stall one is his from 130 lb.
AI verdict
SR 84 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
6
31
Connor Beasley
13%
76
70
3
9-3
11/1
8/1
11/1
Ranked bottom on our figures and returning after 83 days off, Tip Foster faces a stiff ask, though he did win last time out and has experience over today's trip and going, with stall two to note.
AI verdict
SR 70 suggests ability but 11/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
7
163707
Callum Shepherd
15%
Roger Fell
12%
76
52
3
9-3
20/1
14/1
20/1
Zarvali shaped with promise when third four starts back and has since shown he handles today's distance and going, arriving here on a quick 13-day turnaround in decent nick; the risk is that his last three starts have all yielded a seventh or worse.
AI verdict
SR 52 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 33/1.
8
2221
Sam James
14%
K. R. Burke
20%
75
87
3
9-2
5/2
6/5
5/2
Town Queen arrives here 70 days since her last run, which injects a fitness question, and ranked eighth of ten on our figures she faces a stiff task against this field; that said, she won last time out and has run over today's trip and going before.
AI verdict
SR 87 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
9
1-0456
P. J. McDonald
14%
Craig Lidster
12%
73
59
3
9-0
18/1
18/1
16/1
Ranked ninth of ten on our figures, Kody B has looked held in his last four starts, though a win five starts back hints at residual ability; he has run over today's trip and going before, and 43 days off may have freshened him up.
AI verdict
SR 59 suggests ability but 22/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
10
5-8839
Andrew Mullen
10%
Gary Hanmer
12%
69
53
3
8-10
40/1
FCST
33/1
Third two starts back offers the standout piece of recent form for Trust Amy, who has run over today's trip and going and arrives here on a lightly fresh 41-day break, with our rating of 82 suggesting she is better than her official mark of 69; the concern is that ninth last time out leaves her needing a significant bounce-back.
AI verdict
SR 53 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 40/1.
Ladies Night 2027 On Sale Now Handicap Stakes ✓ Result
Open
1
063608
Sam James
14%
Phillip Makin
12%
60
52
9
9-9
11/1
17/2
10/1
Winless in his last six starts, Impressor nonetheless holds a clear edge on ratings over his 12 rivals and has experience of today's trip and conditions; drawn 12 carrying 135 lb, the concern is a dip in recent form, but six days on from his last run he arrives fresh enough to confirm that superiority.
AI verdict
SR 52 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 12/1.
3
450165
Ryan Sexton
12%
Julie Camacho
11%
59
51
5
9-8
11/1
15/2
10/1
Bibendum won three starts back but has since posted a sixth and a fifth, and with his trainer firing at just 5% in the past fortnight he faces a stiff task, though he has run over today's trip and going and returns after a 22-day break with experience on his side.
AI verdict
SR 51 suggests ability but 11/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
4
-00709
Jason Hart
14%
60
31
3
9-7
33/1
25/1
28/1
Winless in his last five starts and off the track for 52 days, Hvar faces a stiff ask, though he has run over today's distance and going before and draws stall one carrying 133 lb.
AI verdict
SR 31 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 33/1.
5
747761
Joanna Mason
12%
Tina Jackson
11%
57
55
5
9-6
8/1
6/1
8/1
Without Flaw arrives on the back of a win last time out, which gives her a clear fitness and form boost, though her record in recent starts also includes several mid-to-rear finishes that temper expectations; she has run over today's trip and going before, and 132 lb from stall 7 are the key variables to weigh.
AI verdict
SR 55 suggests ability but 8/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
6
052233
Dougie Costello
10%
56
66
4
9-5
7/2
11/4
10/3
Harry Mole has been a model of consistency in recent starts, placing in four of his last five completed efforts including thirds last time out and two starts back, and he has run over today's trip and going before; the concern is that he remains yet to win in his last six starts.
AI verdict
SR 66 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
7
358145
Kevin Stott
15%
Katie Scott
10%
58
48
3
9-5
12/1
FCST
11/1
SR 48 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 14/1.
AI verdict
SR 48 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 14/1.
8
081894
55
56
6
9-4
SP
9/1
8/1
Opal Storm showed she can win, landing a victory four starts back, but a fourth last time out and a lean recent spell — including an eighth and ninth in her last six starts — temper confidence, and her quick three-day turnaround adds further doubt at 130 lb from stall six.
AI verdict
SR 56 suggests ability but 17/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
9
-66726
Alex Jary
9%
Iain Jardine
12%
55
57
9
9-4
7/1
7/1
13/2
Winless in his last five starts, Never Dark nonetheless showed clear ability when second two starts back, and he has experience of today's trip and conditions; the main risk is whether he can reproduce that form from stall 13 carrying 130 lb.
AI verdict
SR 57 suggests ability but 15/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
10
7-2113
Barry McHugh
9%
John Wainwright
10%
54
61
5
9-3
15/2
11/2
7/1
Ranked well adrift of the field on our figures, Crafty Spirit faces a stiff ask here, and his official mark of 54 does little to encourage; third last time out at least suggests some recent consistency, though, and he has experience of today's trip and going.
AI verdict
SR 61 suggests ability but 8/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
11
-93194
Andrew Mullen
10%
Iain Jardine
12%
56
56
3
9-3
7/1
11/2
13/2
Fourth last time and well held ninth two starts back, Supremissy faces a stiff task ranked tenth of thirteen on our figures, though she does bring distance and going experience to the table and a win three starts back shows she can find the winner's enclosure.
AI verdict
SR 56 suggests ability but 15/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
12
-25497
Connor Beasley
13%
Michael Dods
12%
54
57
4
9-3
17/2
7/1
8/1
Ranked second of 13 on our rating, Keep The Gold arrives on a quick 19-day turnaround with experience of today's distance and going in his favour, and a fourth three starts back hints at better lurking; winless in his last five starts, however, and the 129 lb burden from stall 14 is the key concern.
AI verdict
SR 57 suggests ability but 17/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
13
050557
P. J. McDonald
14%
Rebecca Menzies
11%
49
49
7
8-12
11/1
20/1
9/1
Winless in her last six starts, Kyber Crystal has shown little to suggest she can reverse that trend from stall 11 carrying 124 lb, though she has run over today's distance and going before and our rating edges above her official mark.
AI verdict
SR 49 suggests ability but 12/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
14
756507
R. Mike Smith
10%
45
40
5
8-9
12/1
11/1
10/1
Winless in his last six starts and ranked bottom of the field on our figures, Royal Duke is hard to fancy, though he has run over today's distance and going before and returns just three days after his latest outing.
AI verdict
SR 40 suggests ability but 14/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
Racing Again Wednesday 9th Sept Handicap Stakes (Div I) ✓ Result
Open
1
41-970
Kevin Stott
15%
Kevin Ryan
12%
60
55
4
9-12
9/1
FCST
8/1
Unplaced last time out and only once successful in his last five starts, Hill O Rue arrives after a 52-day break with his trainer in poor form at 3% over the past fortnight; he has run over today's trip and going before, but at 138 lb from stall four he faces a stiff ask.
AI verdict
SR 55 suggests ability but 17/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
2
438753
Zak Wheatley
10%
Declan Carroll
11%
59
62
10
9-11
5/1
9/1
9/2
Third last time out and winless in his last six, Dr Rio nonetheless shapes as the one to beat here — our rating has him top of the nine, he returns on a quick turnaround of just 15 days, and he has run over today's trip and going before, carrying 137 lb from stall 3.
AI verdict
SR 62 suggests ability but 11/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
3
-33557
Connor Beasley
13%
Michael Dods
12%
58
65
4
9-10
9/4
4/1
2/1
Taylormade Lad has run over today's trip and going, and our rating of 65 ranks him second of nine, suggesting he holds strong claims despite carrying 136 lb; the concern is that he has been winless in his last five starts, with a pair of thirds his best recent efforts.
AI verdict
SR 65 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
4
72728-
David Nolan
12%
Daragh Bourke
11%
57
40
6
9-9
SP
FCST
9/2
Vampire Slayer shaped with real promise when second two starts back and again a second four starts back, and his experience over today's trip and going is a clear asset carrying 135 lb from stall six; the worry is 160 days off the track for a gelding yet to win in recent starts.
AI verdict
SR 40 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at -.
5
353326
Sean Kirrane
11%
Tim Easterby
11%
53
62
4
9-5
13/2
7/1
5/1
Winless in his last six starts, Off Spin at least brings distance and going experience to the table, and a second two starts back shows he can threaten — but a sixth last time out and a struggling trainer strike-rate of 5% over the past fortnight are clear negatives heading into this.
AI verdict
SR 62 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
6
-02122
Jason Hart
14%
59
56
3
9-3
7/4
9/4
3/2
Hansteen arrives in fine nick, placing last time out and again two starts back, with his win coming three starts back — consistent recent form backed by experience over today's trip and going. The main risk is that 129 lb represents a stern burden from stall nine.
AI verdict
SR 56 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at SP.
7
441412
Oliver Stammers
12%
Grant Tuer
13%
56
52
3
9-0
SP
FCST
3/1
Ranked seventh of nine on our figures and with a speed rating of 51 well below what is likely required, Riddikulus faces a stiff ask here despite two wins in her last six starts, carrying 126 lb from stall seven; the experience over today's trip and going and a return to form last time offer slim hope.
AI verdict
SR 52 suggests ability but - reflects a stiff ask in this field.
8
883278
45
29
6
8-12
22/1
22/1
18/1
Winless in his last six starts, with two mid-field eighths sandwiching a second and third, Speechman has done little to inspire confidence, and our figures rank him eighth of nine here; the experience over today's trip and going, plus a draw from stall one, are slim pickings for support.
AI verdict
SR 29 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 25/1.
9
-04445
45
33
10
8-12
40/1
50/1
22/1
Winless in her last five starts and ranked last on our figures, Star Of Markinch is hard to fancy, though she has run over today's going before and a consistent run of fourth-place finishes suggests she keeps finding the line.
AI verdict
SR 33 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at SP.
Racing Again Wednesday 9th Sept Handicap Stakes (Div II) ✓ Result
Open
1
-65403
Greg Fairley
6%
Wilf Storey
14%
60
59
5
9-12
9/4
5/2
9/4
Idyllic has run over today's trip and going before and steps back into contention on the back of a third last time out, while her rating of 63 makes her a genuine threat from stall nine — the risk is that she remains winless in her last five starts.
AI verdict
SR 59 suggests ability but 9/4 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
2
-68288
Amie Waugh
6%
Simon Waugh
5%
58
32
4
9-10
18/1
12/1
11/1
Rory's Gold shaped well for a second three starts back and brings strong distance-and-going experience to this, with our rating of 65 making him one to respect from stall one; the risk is that he has been winless in recent starts and those two subsequent eighths must give pause.
AI verdict
SR 32 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 20/1.
3
241334
Lauren Young
11%
Jim Goldie
14%
58
62
8
9-10
10/3
9/2
3/1
Annandale showed his quality when winning four starts back, and has been placed third on two occasions in recent starts, but he has failed to find the top two in his last two outings and arrives here after a 45-day absence, giving connections some fitness questions to answer.
AI verdict
SR 62 is competitive — each-way claims if conditions suit on the day.
4
-99594
Connor Beasley
13%
Michael Dods
12%
54
47
4
9-6
8/1
11/2
8/1
Winless in his last five starts, Lightning Galaxy at least returns on a quick turnaround of 17 days with experience over today's trip and going in his favour, though a fourth last time out represents his best recent effort and a rating of 54 underlines the task he faces from stall two.
AI verdict
SR 47 suggests ability but 8/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
5
038-49
Sam James
14%
Phillip Makin
12%
59
52
3
9-3
11/1
8/1
10/1
Farabove The Limit has run over today's trip and going, and his fourth two starts back shows he can be competitive at this level, with a rating of 63 suggesting he holds a touch more ability than his mark implies; the risk is that he has been winless in recent starts and that ninth last time out is hard to ignore.
AI verdict
SR 52 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 11/1.
6
252524
P. J. McDonald
14%
58
61
3
9-2
5/1
3/1
9/2
Hey Havana arrives in excellent shape just eight days after finishing second two starts back, and his consistency — placed three times in his last six starts — makes him the one to beat off a competitive 128 lb carrying stall five, with our rating of 68 suggesting he's well ahead of his official mark.
AI verdict
SR 61 suggests ability but 9/2 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
7
422732
Jake Dickson
13%
Katie Scott
10%
47
52
4
8-13
11/2
10/3
9/2
Winless in his last six starts, Falaise Blanc has been placed on several occasions but that seventh suggests inconsistency, and ranked seventh of nine on our figures he faces a stiff task here; experience over today's trip and going is at least a genuine tick in his favour.
AI verdict
SR 52 suggests ability but 5/1 reflects a stiff ask in this field.
8
-95499
Sean Kirrane
11%
R. Mike Smith
10%
45
22
6
8-12
28/1
20/1
28/1
Winless in her last five starts, with a pair of ninths in her two most recent outings, Zebra Star faces a stiff task from a low rating of 45, though she has run over today's distance and going before and the 19-day turnaround suggests she arrives fresh.
AI verdict
SR 22 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 28/1.
9
7-0555
Tim Easterby
11%
45
21
3
8-4
28/1
20/1
28/1
Winless in his last five starts, with a string of fifth-place finishes doing little to inspire confidence, Alcanzor ranks bottom of the field on our figures and faces the additional headwind of a trainer firing at just 5% in the last 14 days.
AI verdict
SR 21 is modest for this company — needs everything to go right at 33/1.